How are 'cross-border issues' defined in international relations?

In international relations, 'cross-border issues' are defined as problems that transcend national boundaries, making resolution impossible for any single nation acting alone. This concept embraces various challenges, such as transnational crime, environmental issues, health crises, and economic problems, all of which necessitate collaborative efforts among multiple countries.

The cooperation among nations is essential, as the nature of these issues often impacts more than one country, requiring joint strategies and solutions to address shared challenges. For instance, climate change is a cross-border issue that affects global weather patterns and ecosystems, necessitating international agreements and collective action for effective management.

The other options, while they touch on aspects of international relations, do not capture the essence of cross-border issues. Individual state problems are contained within a country's jurisdiction and do not involve other nations. Trade violations, while they may have international implications, are a narrower category that doesn’t represent the broader spectrum of cross-border issues. Similarly, focusing solely on environmental protection overlooks the myriad other issues, such as security and human rights, that also require international cooperation.