How is 'constructivism' defined in international relations?

Constructivism in international relations is fundamentally a theoretical framework that emphasizes the role of social constructs and identities in shaping the behaviors and interactions of international actors. It posits that the international system is not solely defined by material factors, such as military power or economic capabilities, but is also profoundly influenced by social norms, values, beliefs, and identities that actors adopt and create through social interactions.

Constructivism highlights how these social constructs can shape state behavior and influence international outcomes. For example, the way countries perceive each other can affect their diplomatic relations, trade agreements, and even decisions to go to war. Identities—whether based on national, ethnic, or ideological lines—play a crucial role in how states and other actors define their interests and goals in the international arena.

This theory diverges from other perspectives that prioritize military or economic factors as the primary drivers of international relations. By focusing on the significance of ideas and identities, constructivism provides a richer understanding of global politics, as it acknowledges that reality is socially constructed and can evolve over time based on changing relationships and shared understandings among international actors.