How is 'realism' defined in international relations?

In the field of international relations, 'realism' is characterized primarily by its focus on national interests and the balance of power among states. This perspective views the international system as anarchic, where no overarching authority exists to regulate state behavior. Therefore, states must prioritize their own security and survival, often leading them to act in self-interested ways rather than adhering to moral principles or collaborative ideals.

Realists argue that the pursuit of power and the protection of national interests are the primary motivations for state actions. This can manifest in military buildup, strategic alliances, and other actions aimed at enhancing a state's relative power compared to others. The realist perspective often leads to a pessimistic view of international relations, emphasizing competition, conflict, and the inevitability of warfare as states navigate their interests in a multipolar world.

In contrast, the other perspectives tend to offer varying degrees of idealism or emphasize cooperation. Approaches that stress collective security and international law do not align with realism, as they often assume states can work together for mutual benefit, which realism fundamentally challenges. By acknowledging the competitive nature of states and the importance of power dynamics, realism provides a critical lens through which global politics can be analyzed.