What characterizes a 'failed state'?

A 'failed state' is primarily characterized by weak institutions that are unable to maintain order, provide basic services, or enforce laws effectively. In these states, the government often lacks the authority or capability to function properly, resulting in a breakdown of social, economic, and political systems. The failure of institutions leads to increased violence, loss of legitimacy, and a lack of trust from the population.

For example, in a failed state, basic services such as healthcare, education, and security may be severely lacking or nonexistent, which further exacerbates societal instability and can lead to humanitarian crises. Weak institutions may also result in significant corruption and inability to uphold laws, creating an environment conducive to conflict and unrest.

In contrast, a state characterized by strong governance and robust institutions—such as having the ability to provide essential services and maintain economic stability—would not be classified as a failed state.