What does 'soft power' refer to in international relations?

In international relations, 'soft power' refers to the ability to influence others through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion or force. This concept, introduced by political scientist Joseph Nye, emphasizes the importance of cultural, ideological, and diplomatic means in shaping the preferences and behaviors of other countries. Soft power can manifest through various channels, such as cultural exchanges, diplomacy, international aid, and promoting shared values that resonate with other nations.

This type of power contrasts sharply with hard power, which relies on military or economic coercion, such as the use of military forces or economic sanctions. Therefore, the notion of soft power underlines the value of a country's reputation, cultural appeal, and the relationships it builds, allowing it to achieve foreign policy objectives by garnering support and cooperation rather than resorting to aggressive tactics. In a globalized world, the effectiveness of soft power can be crucial for fostering alliances and enhancing a nation’s influence on the global stage.