What is meant by the term 'hard power' in international relations?

The term 'hard power' in international relations refers specifically to the use of coercion or force to influence the behavior of other nations. This encompasses military force, economic sanctions, or any other means that compel an adversary to act in a way that aligns with one's own interests. Hard power is characterized by its reliance on tangible resources and direct measures, distinguishing it from soft power, which emphasizes persuasion and attraction, often through cultural influence or diplomatic engagement.

Understanding hard power is crucial in analyzing how states interact on the global stage, especially in contexts of conflict or competition. For instance, a nation might employ hard power through military intervention in another country or through a display of military capabilities to deter aggression—indicating a more direct and aggressive form of influence. In contrast to the other concepts listed, such as cultural influence, treaty negotiations, or trade promotion, hard power is about assertive action rather than collaborative or diplomatic methods.