Which country is NOT associated with a sub-replacement birth rate?

The correct answer is Nigeria, as it is not associated with a sub-replacement birth rate. A sub-replacement birth rate refers to a situation where the number of children born per woman is below the level necessary for a population to replace itself without immigration, typically considered to be around 2.1 children per woman.

Nigeria, in contrast, has a relatively high birth rate, with women in the country averaging above the replacement level. This high fertility rate contributes to Nigeria’s rapid population growth, making it one of the most populous countries in the world. The cultural, social, and economic factors that influence higher birth rates in Nigeria include traditions valuing larger families and varying access to education and reproductive health services.

On the other hand, countries such as Canada, Japan, and Germany face challenges associated with sub-replacement birth rates. In those nations, the average number of children born per woman falls below the replacement level due to factors such as economic considerations, changes in family structure, and women's increased participation in the workforce, leading to delayed family formation and smaller families.