Which of the following conflicts is an example of separatism?

The independence movement of Chechnya from Russia exemplifies separatism because it involves a distinct ethnic group seeking to establish its own state or gain greater autonomy from a larger political entity. This movement is characterized by the desire of the Chechen people to self-govern and assert their identity separate from Russian control. It illustrates the core elements of separatism, including a strong sense of national identity and a drive for political independence or significant autonomy. Historically, Chechnya has faced significant conflict in its attempts to separate, including violent confrontations with the Russian government, which highlights the intense nature of separatist struggles.

In contrast, Russia's annexation of Crimea represents an act of territorial expansion rather than a separatist movement, as it involves one state asserting control over territory claimed by another. Argentina's claim over the Falkland Islands also does not fit the definition of separatism; it reflects a dispute over sovereignty between two recognized states rather than a movement for a distinct ethnic group to gain independence. Lastly, the establishment of the USMCA involves trade relations and economic cooperation between countries and does not relate to issues of national identity or independence in the context of separatism.